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This book addresses different theories related to the origin of Gnosticism. The author comes to the conclusion that, if we set aside the Christian substance, in Gnostic literature – besides Platonist philosophy – the most numerous influences come from Judaism. As they have, partially, reached Gnostic literature independent from Christianity, it could validate the theory according to which we should be searching for the origin of Gnosticism in certain Judaist circles. The author analyses the use of lore from the Old Testament and Judaism in Gnostic literature. Even though this does not prove that Gnosticism has evolved from Judaism, it still shows how extensively the Judaist world of thought influenced Gnosticism and how it gives us a reason to ask whether we should consider more thoroughly the theory according to which we should be searching for the founders of Gnostic lore within certain Judaist circles of antiquity. Über den Ursprung der antiken Gnosis gibt es verschiedene Theorien, aber noch heute herrscht in dieser Frage in der Forschung kein Konsens. Der Autor dieses Buches betrachtet unterschiedliche Ursprungstheorien der Gnosis und kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass (abgesehen vom christlichen Stoff) neben den Einflüssen des Mittelplatonismus der alttestamentliche und jüdische Stoff in der gnostischen Literatur die wichtigste Rolle spielt. Da der jüdische Stoff teilweise durch die Vermittlung des Christentums in die Gnosis gekommen ist, könnte das die alte Hypothese unterstützen, dass die Gnosis innerhalb des Christentums entstanden sei. Doch gibt es eine Vielzahl gnostischer Texte, die vom Christentum nicht beeinflusst sind, in denen aber der alttestamentliche und jüdische Stoff eine sehr wichtige Rolle spielt. Diese Tatsache könnte nun die zweite alte Theorie unterstützen, nach der die Wurzeln der Gnosis im antiken Judentum liegen. Der Autor der vorliegenden Arbeit analysiert den Gebrauch der alttestamentlichen und jüdischen Überlieferungen und Motive in der gnostischen Literatur und kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass es nicht letztgültig bewiesen ist, dass die Gnosis aus dem Judentum heraus entstand. Doch zeigt die Untersuchung, wie große Bedeutung die alttestamentlichen und jüdischen Motive in der Gnosis gehabt haben. Dies gibt Anlass zu fragen, ob wir dennoch die Theorie ernsthaft zu erwägen haben, nach der der Ursprung der Gnosis in Kreisen des antiken Judentums zu suchen sei.

Judaism --- Gnosticism --- Gnostic literature --- Relations --- Gnosticism. --- Judaism. --- Relation to the Old Testament.

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Middle Eastern literature --- Law, Ancient --- Law --- Relation to the Old Testament. --- Sources. --- Translations into English. --- Bible. --- Extra-canonical parallels. --- History of contemporary events --- Antiquities. --- Middle East --- History

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Hans M. Moscicke untersucht in dieser Arbeit den Einfluss des Versöhnungstag auf die Passionsgeschichte des Matthäus. Er behauptet, dass Matthäus Jesus in seiner Barrabas-Episode (Mt 27:15–26), der Misshandlung durch die Römer (Mt 27:27–31) und der Erzählung über die Auferstehung der Toten (Mt 27:50–54) als die beiden Ziegenböcke im Levitikus 16-Ritual darstellt.

Yom Kippur. --- Jesus Christ --- Passion. --- Bible. --- Criticism, interpretation, etc. --- Relation to the Old Testament. --- Biblical Theology --- New Testament Studies --- Early Christianity --- early Judaism --- Gospel Studies --- Neues Testament

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The Odyssey's larger plot is composed of a number of distinct genres of myth, all of which are extant in various Near Eastern cultures (Mesopotamian, West Semitic, Egyptian). Unexpectedly, the Near Eastern culture with which the Odyssey has the most parallels is the Old Testament. Consideration of how much of the Odyssey focuses on non-heroic episodes - hosts receiving guests, a king disguised as a beggar, recognition scenes between long-separated family members - reaffirms the Odyssey's parallels with the Bible. In particular the book argues that the Odyssey is in a dialogic relationship with Genesis, which features the same three types of myth that comprise the majority of the Odyssey: theoxeny, romance (Joseph in Egypt), and Argonautic myth (Jacob winning Rachel from Laban). The Odyssey also offers intriguing parallels to the Book of Jonah, and Odysseus' treatment by the suitors offers close parallels to the Gospels' depiction of Christ in Jerusalem.

Mythology in literature --- Greek literature --- Mythology, Greek --- Mythology, Middle-Eastern --- Relation to the Old Testament --- Homer. --- Mythology in literature. --- Mythology, Middle Eastern --- Relation to the Old Testament. --- Bible. --- Extra-canonical parallels. --- Arts and Humanities --- History --- Greek literature - Relation to the Old Testament --- Mythology, Greek - Comparative studies --- Mythology, Middle-Eastern - Comparative studies --- Homer. - Odyssey --- Middle Eastern mythology --- Mythology, Oriental --- Oriental mythology --- Greek mythology --- Bible and literature --- Homerus. --- Antico Testamento --- Hebrew Bible --- Hebrew Scriptures --- Kitve-ḳodesh --- Miḳra --- Old Testament --- Palaia Diathēkē --- Pentateuch, Prophets, and Hagiographa --- Sean-Tiomna --- Stary Testament --- Tanakh --- Tawrāt --- Torah, Neviʼim, Ketuvim --- Torah, Neviʼim u-Khetuvim --- Velho Testamento

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These essays span about a third of a century and include both previously published and some unpublished studies by Robert A. Kraft which focus on interfaces between Jewish materials and the worlds in which they were transmitted and/or perceived, especially Christian contexts. The initial section on general context and methodology is followed by several detailed studies by way of example. The final section touches on some related issues involving Philonic and other texts. The primary concern is with 'scripturesque' materials and traditions, whether they later became canonical or not, that seem to have been respected as “scriptural” by some individuals or communities in the period prior to (or apart from) the development of an exclusivistic canonical consciousness in some Jewish and Christian circles.

Apocryphal books (Old Testament) --- Judaism --- Christianity and other religions --- Christianity --- Relation to the New Testament. --- Relations --- Christianity. --- Judaism. --- History --- Origin. --- Controversial literature --- History and criticism. --- Bible. --- Relation to the Old Testament. --- Criticism, interpretation, etc.